{
  "generated": "2026-09-22",
  "programs": [
    {
      "id": "utah-state-program",
      "name": "Utah Statewide Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "UT",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "North American Weather Consultants",
      "sponsor": "Utah Division of Water Resources",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-111.6, 39.6],
      "area_note": "Roughly six target regions spanning Utah's mountain ranges: Northern Utah, Central/Southern Utah, Western Uintas, High Uintas, and Box Elder/Cache; ~190 remote ground generators plus aerial and drone seeding.",
      "since": 1974,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "Statewide average +10.4% snowpack, roughly 180,000-250,000 acre-feet/yr added streamflow", "evidence": "claimed"},
        {"text": "~190 remotely controlled ground generators; billed as the world's largest remote-controlled cloud seeding program", "evidence": "record"},
        {"text": "Modern program cost of $10-15 per acre-foot (historic analyses $1-2/AF)", "evidence": "claimed"},
        {"text": "Independent re-evaluation from public data (Judy 2026): storm-scale effect +1.5% [-9.6, +13.1] once operator storm selection is designed out (naive far-control design on the same season: +69% pooled, +335% for one program); 46-winter SNOTEL panel -1.4% [-6.0, +3.6], placebo noise floor ~±6%", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Utah DWR annual cloud seeding reports", "url": "https://water.utah.gov/cloudseeding/"},
        {"label": "Southern and Central Utah 2024-25 report", "url": "https://water.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Southern-and-Central-Utah-2024-25.pdf"},
        {"label": "Independent verification study: paper, code, datasets (Judy 2026)", "url": "https://github.com/bryjudy/seeding-verification"},
        {"label": "Generator GIS layer, 181 sites, 8 programs (mirrored from Judy 2026)", "url": "https://forecastseed.com/data/atlas/generators-ut-2024-25.csv"},
        {"label": "Per-area seeding adoption timeline 1974-2026 (mirrored from Judy 2026)", "url": "https://forecastseed.com/data/atlas/ut-seeding-treatment.json"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "colorado-cwcb-programs",
      "name": "Colorado CWCB-Permitted Winter Seeding Programs",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CO",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Western Weather Consultants (San Juan) and others",
      "sponsor": "Colorado Water Conservation Board permit program; district and ski-area sponsors; Lower Basin state co-funding",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-106.9, 38.9],
      "area_note": "Multiple 5-year permit areas across the Colorado mountains: San Juan Mountains, Grand Mesa, Gunnison, Upper Colorado headwaters, Vail/Beaver Creek, and the Central Colorado Mountains River Basin.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "Snowpack suspension criteria halt seeding when SWE exceeds 140-175% of average depending on date", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "CWCB Weather Modification Program", "url": "https://cwcb.colorado.gov/focus-areas/supply/weather-modification-program"},
        {"label": "NOAA filing 2025COCCMRB-1", "url": "https://library.oarcloud.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/OAR/OWAQ/Weather_Modification_Project/FY25/Q1/2025COCCMRB-1.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ret-gill-ionization",
      "name": "Rain Enhancement Technologies Ionization Array (Gill, CO)",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CO",
      "type": "ionization",
      "operator": "Rain Enhancement Technologies (RET Holdings)",
      "sponsor": "Colorado Water Conservation Board permit (through Oct 31, 2026)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [-104.53, 40.51],
      "area_note": "Weather Enhancement Technology Array installation near Gill, Weld County, on Colorado's northeastern plains — first ionization permit issued by CWCB (Nov. 2025).",
      "since": 2025,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "CWCB Weather Modification Program", "url": "https://cwcb.colorado.gov/focus-areas/supply/weather-modification-program"},
        {"label": "Western Water coverage of RET permit", "url": "https://www.western-water.com/2025/11/20/ionization-weather-modification-tech-expands-in-colorado-and-utah/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "idaho-collaborative",
      "name": "Idaho Collaborative Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "ID",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Idaho Power",
      "sponsor": "Idaho Water Resource Board, Idaho Power, and basin water users",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-114.2, 43.9],
      "area_note": "Payette, Boise, and Wood River basins plus the Upper Snake above Milner Dam; ~57 remote ground generators statewide and 3 seeding aircraft.",
      "since": 2003,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "~600,000 acre-feet/yr added in Payette/Boise/Wood basins plus >400,000 acre-feet/yr in the Upper Snake (target-control analyses)", "evidence": "modeled"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "IWRB cloud seeding program", "url": "https://idwr.idaho.gov/iwrb-overview/iwrb-programs-overview/cloud-seeding-program/"},
        {"label": "Winter 2023-24 end-of-year final report", "url": "https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/iwrb/CloudSeeding/Winter-2023-24-Idaho-Collaborative-Cloud-Seeding-Program-End-Of-Year-Final-Report-.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "wyoming-wwdo",
      "name": "Wyoming Weather Modification Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "WY",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Weather Modification Inc. (pilot); ground operations continue",
      "sponsor": "Wyoming Water Development Commission/Office",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-107.5, 41.9],
      "area_note": "Medicine Bow, Sierra Madre, and Wind River ranges; airborne Colorado River Basin seeding defunded in 2025, leaving only ground-generator operations (~$320K/yr).",
      "since": 2008,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "WWMPP randomized experiment (5-year, $8.8M, NCAR-designed) suggested a ~5-15% seeding effect but was not statistically definitive", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "WWMPP executive summary", "url": "https://wwdc.state.wy.us/weathermod/WYWeatherModPilotProgramExecSummary.pdf"},
        {"label": "WWDO cloud seeding background memo (Aug. 2025)", "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/InterimCommittee/2025/05-20250828WWDOCloudSeedingBackground7.31.25.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nevada-dri",
      "name": "Nevada DRI Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "NV",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Desert Research Institute",
      "sponsor": "Nevada Legislature ($600K/yr since 2023)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-117.2, 39.4],
      "area_note": "Ground-generator targets in the Tahoe-Truckee range (Washoe Co.), Santa Rosa Range (Humboldt Co.), Ruby Mountains (Elko Co.), and Spring Mountains (Clark/Nye Co.); DRI has seeded since the 1960s.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "56,282 acre-feet added Nov 2023-Apr 2024 at $10.66/acre-foot; ~40,674 acre-feet in 2024-25 ground seeding", "evidence": "claimed"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Nevada Current coverage (Mar. 2026)", "url": "https://nevadacurrent.com/2026/03/09/nevada-looks-for-help-from-cloud-seeding-amid-record-low-snowpack/"},
        {"label": "Las Vegas Review-Journal overview", "url": "https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/local-las-vegas/how-cloud-seeding-is-giving-a-boost-to-nevadas-water-supply-2878628/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pge-lake-almanor",
      "name": "PG&E Lake Almanor Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Pacific Gas & Electric",
      "sponsor": "Pacific Gas & Electric (hydropower yield)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-121.16, 40.25],
      "area_note": "Upper North Fork Feather River watershed around Lake Almanor in the northern Sierra/southern Cascades; running since 1953.",
      "since": 1953,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "California DWR Precipitation Enhancement RMS (2025)", "url": "https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Docs/RMS/2025/Precipitation-Enhancement-RMS---2025.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pge-mokelumne",
      "name": "PG&E Mokelumne Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Pacific Gas & Electric",
      "sponsor": "Pacific Gas & Electric (hydropower yield)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-120.1, 38.5],
      "area_note": "Upper Mokelumne River watershed in the central Sierra Nevada; 50+ years running (NOAA filing 2024CAMOKE-1).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "NOAA filing 2024CAMOKE-1", "url": "https://library.oarcloud.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/OAR/OWAQ/Weather_Modification_Project/FY24/Q2/2024CAMOKE-1.pdf"},
        {"label": "California DWR Precipitation Enhancement RMS (2025)", "url": "https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Docs/RMS/2025/Precipitation-Enhancement-RMS---2025.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "santa-barbara-county",
      "name": "Santa Barbara County Precipitation Enhancement",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "North American Weather Consultants",
      "sponsor": "Santa Barbara County",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-119.95, 34.65],
      "area_note": "Santa Ynez and Twitchell reservoir watersheds in the coastal ranges of Santa Barbara County; operational since ~1950.",
      "since": 1950,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "County program page", "url": "https://www.countyofsb.org/2794/Cloud-Seeding-Precipitation-Enhancement"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kern-river",
      "name": "Kern River Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "North American Weather Consultants",
      "sponsor": "Kern County water interests",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-118.45, 35.9],
      "area_note": "Upper Kern River watershed in the southern Sierra Nevada above Isabella Lake; long-running winter program.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "California DWR Precipitation Enhancement RMS (2025)", "url": "https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Docs/RMS/2025/Precipitation-Enhancement-RMS---2025.pdf"},
        {"label": "NAWC cloud seeding page", "url": "https://www.northamericanweatherconsultants.com/cloud-seeding"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "lopez-lake",
      "name": "Lopez Lake Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "North American Weather Consultants",
      "sponsor": "San Luis Obispo County Public Works",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-120.47, 35.2],
      "area_note": "Lopez Lake / Arroyo Grande Creek watershed in San Luis Obispo County — companion program to Santa Barbara County's.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "SLO County Lopez Lake program page", "url": "https://www.slocounty.ca.gov/departments/public-works/current-public-works-projects/cloud-seeding-program-for-lopez-lake"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sawpa-santa-ana",
      "name": "Santa Ana River Watershed Cloud Seeding Pilot (SAWPA)",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "CA",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": null,
      "sponsor": "Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-117.2, 34.1],
      "area_note": "Santa Ana River watershed headwaters in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains of Southern California; pilot-stage program.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "SAWPA cloud seeding page", "url": "https://sawpa.gov/santa-ana-river-watershed-cloud-seeding/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "west-texas-wma",
      "name": "West Texas Weather Modification Association",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "TX",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "West Texas Weather Modification Association",
      "sponsor": "Member water districts (TDLR permit)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 3, "end_month": 10},
      "centroid": [-100.7, 31.3],
      "area_note": "~6.4 million acres of west-central Texas around San Angelo; rain enhancement plus hail suppression (NOAA 2025TXWT-1, Mar 15-Oct 31).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "TDLR weather modification program", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/"},
        {"label": "TDLR project map", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/weathermodmap.htm"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "south-texas-wma",
      "name": "South Texas Weather Modification Association",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "TX",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "South Texas Weather Modification Association",
      "sponsor": "Member water districts (TDLR permit)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 3, "end_month": 11},
      "centroid": [-98.6, 28.9],
      "area_note": "~6 million acres from the Edwards Plateau to the coastal bend, based in Pleasanton (NOAA 2025TXST-1, Mar 5-Nov 29). Rainmaker's July 2, 2025 Karnes County mission occurred in this region.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "TDLR weather modification program", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/"},
        {"label": "TDLR statement on July 2, 2025 Karnes County operations", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/news/2025/07/10/statement-regarding-cloud-seeding-operations-in-karnes-county-on-july-2-2025"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trans-pecos-wma",
      "name": "Trans-Pecos Weather Modification Association",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "TX",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Trans-Pecos Weather Modification Association",
      "sponsor": "Member water districts (TDLR permit)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 3, "end_month": 10},
      "centroid": [-102.9, 31.0],
      "area_note": "~5.1 million acres along and west of the Pecos River, based in Fort Stockton (NOAA 2025TXTP-1).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "TDLR weather modification program", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/"},
        {"label": "TDLR project map", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/weathermodmap.htm"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "panhandle-gcd",
      "name": "Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District Rain Enhancement",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "TX",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District",
      "sponsor": "Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District (White Deer)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 4, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [-101.1, 35.4],
      "area_note": "~4.1 million acres across eight eastern Texas Panhandle counties (NOAA 2025TXPH-1, Apr 1-Sep 30; AgI plus calcium chloride flares).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "TDLR weather modification program", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/"},
        {"label": "TDLR project map", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/weathermodmap.htm"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "rainmaker-gulf-2025",
      "name": "Rainmaker Gulf Coast Project (2025)",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "TX",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Rainmaker Technology Corp.",
      "sponsor": "Rainmaker Technology Corp. (TDLR permit; NOAA 2025TXGU-1)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [-96.9, 28.4],
      "area_note": "~1,236 sq mi along the Texas Gulf of Mexico coastline (Jan 24-Dec 27, 2025); charged-water-droplet seeding of warm stratocumulus/cumulus. Centroid approximate — permit describes a coastline strip.",
      "since": 2025,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "NOAA library weather modification reports (2025TXGU-1)", "url": "https://library.noaa.gov/weather-climate/weather-modification-project-reports"},
        {"label": "TDLR weather modification program", "url": "https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/weather/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ndcmp",
      "name": "North Dakota Cloud Modification Project",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "ND",
      "type": "hail-suppression",
      "operator": "Weather Modification International (Fargo)",
      "sponsor": "ND Department of Water Resources Atmospheric Resource Board with county cost-share",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 6, "end_month": 8},
      "centroid": [-103.2, 47.4],
      "area_note": "Hail suppression plus rain enhancement over western North Dakota: Bowman, McKenzie, Mountrail, Williams, and part of Slope counties; aircraft on call 24/7, June 1-Aug 31.",
      "since": 1961,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "NDCMP project page", "url": "https://www.swc.nd.gov/arb/ndcmp/"},
        {"label": "2025 operations report", "url": "https://www.dwr.nd.gov/info_edu/reports_and_publications/archived_atmospheric_resrouces/pdfs/2025_operations_report_north_dakota_cloud_modification_project.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "western-kansas-wmp",
      "name": "Western Kansas Weather Modification Program",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "KS",
      "type": "hail-suppression",
      "operator": null,
      "sponsor": "Western Kansas Groundwater Management District #1 (Scott City)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 4, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [-101.1, 38.4],
      "area_note": "~8,000 sq mi of western Kansas with radar at Lakin (Kearny Co.); ~85% of missions are hail suppression, four aircraft, April-September.",
      "since": 1975,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "GMD1 weather program", "url": "https://www.gmd1.org/weather-program"},
        {"label": "Example NOAA filing", "url": "https://library.oarcloud.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/OAR/OWAQ/Weather_Modification_Project/Western%20Kansas%20Weather%20Modification%20Program_11-1527_04.16.2011-09.15.2011.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "new-mexico-roosevelt",
      "name": "Roosevelt SWCD Cloud Seeding (Southeastern New Mexico)",
      "country": "US",
      "admin": "NM",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Seeding Operations & Atmospheric Research (SOAR)",
      "sponsor": "Roosevelt Soil & Water Conservation District (Interstate Stream Commission approval)",
      "status": "paused",
      "season": {"start_month": 4, "end_month": 10},
      "centroid": [-103.4, 34.2],
      "area_note": "Aircraft seeding over the Roosevelt/Curry county area of southeastern New Mexico (approved 2022, 2023); the proposed statewide HB130 pilot over 15 eastern/southern counties died in 2024.",
      "since": 2022,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "HB130 (2024) text", "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/24%20Regular/bills/house/HB0130.HTML"},
        {"label": "KRQE coverage of ISC approval", "url": "https://www.krqe.com/news/politics-government/cloud-seeding-plan-in-southeastern-new-mexico-gets-approval/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "china-cma",
      "name": "China National Weather Modification Program (CMA)",
      "country": "CN",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Provincial weather modification offices",
      "sponsor": "China Meteorological Administration Weather Modification Centre (est. 2007)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [104.0, 35.0],
      "area_note": "World's largest program: precipitation enhancement planned over >5.5M km2 and hail suppression over >580,000 km2 (~56% of national territory) via aircraft, rockets, artillery, and ground generators, plus clear-sky operations for events.",
      "since": 2007,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "State media claim +168 billion tons of precipitation added 2020-2025", "evidence": "claimed"},
        {"text": "Xinjiang authorities claim 70% reduction in hail damage", "evidence": "claimed"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "CNN overview of 2020 State Council plan", "url": "https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/03/asia/china-weather-modification-cloud-seeding-intl-hnk"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "uae-ncm",
      "name": "UAE Rain Enhancement Program (NCM)",
      "country": "AE",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "National Center of Meteorology",
      "sponsor": "UAE National Center of Meteorology; UAEREP research grants (est. 2015)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [55.6, 24.3],
      "area_note": "Year-round opportunistic hygroscopic seeding (salt flares, nanomaterials) from 4 Beechcraft King Air C90s based at Al Ain, mostly targeting convection over the eastern UAE mountains.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "NCM claims 84-419 million m3/yr of usable water generated", "evidence": "claimed"},
        {"text": "~300 missions planned in 2024; 172 flights in 2025 by late year", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "UAEREP", "url": "https://www.uaerep.ae/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "saudi-rcsp",
      "name": "Saudi Regional Cloud Seeding Program",
      "country": "SA",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "National Center for Meteorology (Saudi Arabia)",
      "sponsor": "Saudi NCM / Saudi Green Initiative",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [42.7, 23.1],
      "area_note": "Six target regions — Riyadh, Qassim, Hail, Makkah, Al-Baha, and Asir — expanding kingdom-wide; hygroscopic and glaciogenic aircraft seeding launched 2022.",
      "since": 2022,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "~752 operational flights (1,879 hours) plus 51 research flights since launch; program goal of +20% rainfall", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "RCSP official site", "url": "https://rcsp.ncm.gov.sa/"},
        {"label": "Saudipedia program entry", "url": "https://saudipedia.com/en/cloud-seeding-program-in-the-kingdom"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "india-caipeex",
      "name": "India CAIPEEX / Solapur Randomized Experiment",
      "country": "IN",
      "admin": "Maharashtra",
      "type": "research",
      "operator": "Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology",
      "sponsor": "Ministry of Earth Sciences (IITM)",
      "status": "ended",
      "season": {"start_month": 6, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [75.9, 17.7],
      "area_note": "CAIPEEX randomized hygroscopic seeding experiment over ~100 km2 around Solapur, Maharashtra (2017-19 field phase).",
      "since": 2017,
      "ended": 2019,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "+18% rainfall over the 100 km2 experimental area; +46% in seeded clouds (randomized)", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Nature India summary", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00191-2"},
        {"label": "PIB parliamentary answer", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2223590&reg=3&lang=1"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "india-maharashtra-varshadhari",
      "name": "Maharashtra Varshadhari Cloud Seeding",
      "country": "IN",
      "admin": "Maharashtra",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": null,
      "sponsor": "Government of Maharashtra (state tenders)",
      "status": "paused",
      "season": {"start_month": 6, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [76.2, 19.3],
      "area_note": "Episodic monsoon-deficit relief seeding over drought-prone interior Maharashtra (Marathwada region); activated by state tender in deficit years.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Nature India overview of Indian seeding", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00191-2"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "india-karnataka-varshadhare",
      "name": "Karnataka Varshadhare Cloud Seeding",
      "country": "IN",
      "admin": "Karnataka",
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": null,
      "sponsor": "Government of Karnataka (state tenders)",
      "status": "paused",
      "season": {"start_month": 6, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [76.2, 14.8],
      "area_note": "Episodic monsoon-deficit relief seeding over interior Karnataka; state-tendered aircraft operations in deficit years (companion programs also run in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Nature India overview of Indian seeding", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00191-2"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "delhi-trials-2025",
      "name": "Delhi Cloud Seeding Trials (Oct 2025)",
      "country": "IN",
      "admin": "Delhi",
      "type": "research",
      "operator": "IIT Kanpur",
      "sponsor": "Government of NCT of Delhi (Rs 3.21 crore, 5 trials)",
      "status": "ended",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [77.1, 28.7],
      "area_note": "Trial flights over the Delhi National Capital Territory aimed at air-pollution washout; first flights produced no rain owing to dry clouds.",
      "since": 2025,
      "ended": 2025,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "First trial flights produced no rain (insufficient cloud moisture)", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "NewsOnAir report on first trial flight", "url": "https://www.newsonair.gov.in/delhi-successfully-conducts-first-cloud-seeding-flight-trial"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "thailand-royal-rainmaking",
      "name": "Thailand Royal Rainmaking Program",
      "country": "TH",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "Department of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation",
      "sponsor": "Government of Thailand (royal project)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [100.5, 15.5],
      "area_note": "Nationwide multi-stage warm-cloud 'super sandwich' seeding with ~30 aircraft, plus PM2.5 washout operations; year-round campaigns across Thailand's agricultural regions.",
      "since": 1969,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "2,065 flights across 161 days, Feb 23-Aug 26, 2025", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Royal Rainmaking Project (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rainmaking_Project"},
        {"label": "Thai PRD announcements", "url": "https://thailand.prd.go.th/en/content/category/detail/id/52/iid/422116"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "australia-snowy-hydro",
      "name": "Snowy Hydro Cloud Seeding",
      "country": "AU",
      "admin": "NSW",
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Snowy Hydro Ltd",
      "sponsor": "Snowy Hydro Ltd (under the Snowy Mountains Cloud Seeding Act 2004)",
      "status": "paused",
      "season": {"start_month": 5, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [148.4, -36.3],
      "area_note": "~2,110 km2 of the Snowy Mountains above 1,400 m elevation, seeded by ground AgI generators May-September; paused after the 2023 season for an infrastructure end-of-life review.",
      "since": 2004,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "+14% snowfall found by independent evaluation of the randomized trial", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Snowy Hydro cloud seeding page", "url": "https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/generation/cloud-seeding/"},
        {"label": "2023 operations report", "url": "https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Cloud-Seeding-2023-Operations-Report.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "morocco-al-ghait",
      "name": "Programme Al Ghait",
      "country": "MA",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": null,
      "sponsor": "Government of Morocco (originally with USAID / US Bureau of Reclamation)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [-6.0, 32.3],
      "area_note": "Aircraft and ground-generator seeding over the Atlas Mountains; revived program with 49 operations since 2021 and ~70 operations in 2024.",
      "since": 1984,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "~70 cloud seeding operations conducted in 2024", "evidence": "record"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Morocco World News (Oct. 2024)", "url": "https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/10/12996/minister-70-cloud-seeding-operations-conducted-in-morocco-in-2024/"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mexico-estimulacion-lluvias",
      "name": "Mexico Estimulacion de Lluvias",
      "country": "MX",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hygroscopic-convective",
      "operator": "SEDENA (military aircraft)",
      "sponsor": "SADER / CONAZA",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [-108.0, 28.5],
      "area_note": "Warm-season drought-relief campaigns 2021-2023+ over Baja California, Tamaulipas, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Chihuahua; centroid is a best-effort center of the northern-Mexico campaign states.",
      "since": 2021,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "Government claimed +45% rain 'success'; heavily criticized by Mexican scientists as unverified", "evidence": "claimed"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Mexico Business News on SADER program", "url": "https://mexicobusiness.news/agribusiness/news/sader-promotes-cloud-seeding-program-north-mexico"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "russia-hail-caucasus",
      "name": "Russia North Caucasus Hail Suppression",
      "country": "RU",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hail-suppression",
      "operator": "Roshydromet hail services / Antigrad research center",
      "sponsor": "Roshydromet",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 4, "end_month": 9},
      "centroid": [41.5, 44.5],
      "area_note": "Automated rocket-delivered AgI hail suppression across Krasnodar, Stavropol, and the North Caucasus agricultural belt; 65+ years of program history.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Results of 65-Years Project of Hail Suppression in Russian Federation", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365903892"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "russia-moscow-clearing",
      "name": "Moscow Holiday Cloud Clearing",
      "country": "RU",
      "admin": "Moscow",
      "type": "rain-suppression",
      "operator": "Roshydromet-contracted aircraft",
      "sponsor": "Moscow city government",
      "status": "active",
      "season": null,
      "centroid": [37.6, 55.75],
      "area_note": "Event-based rain pre-emption over Moscow (Victory Day, May Day): aircraft disperse AgI, liquid nitrogen, and cement powder upwind of the city at ~$1.3M per event.",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "~50-60% success rate at keeping holiday skies dry", "evidence": "claimed"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "ScienceAlert on Moscow holiday weather operations", "url": "https://www.sciencealert.com/russia-spends-millions-on-weather-tech-to-try-and-stop-it-raining-on-bank-holiday"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "indonesia-omc",
      "name": "Indonesia Operasi Modifikasi Cuaca",
      "country": "ID",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "rain-suppression",
      "operator": "BNPB / BMKG / BRIN with military aircraft",
      "sponsor": "BNPB (national disaster agency)",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 12, "end_month": 3},
      "centroid": [106.8, -6.0],
      "area_note": "Flood-season rain suppression: NaCl/CaO seeding offshore over the Java Sea to rain out clouds before they reach Jakarta and flood-prone West Java (plus Sumatra flood-response operations).",
      "since": null,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "Claimed 67-75% rainfall-intensity reduction in Dec 2024 / Mar 2025 West Java operations", "evidence": "claimed"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Antara News on West Java operation", "url": "https://en.antaranews.com/news/388749/"},
        {"label": "Antara News on Jakarta flood flights", "url": "https://en.antaranews.com/news/365061/jakarta-flood-risk-spurs-bnpb-weather-modification-flights"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "france-anelfa",
      "name": "ANELFA Hail Suppression Network",
      "country": "FR",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "hail-suppression",
      "operator": "ANELFA (volunteer generator operators)",
      "sponsor": "ANELFA (Toulouse) with departmental partners",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 4, "end_month": 10},
      "centroid": [1.0, 43.8],
      "area_note": "Ground AgI generator networks on a ~10 km mesh across southwestern France departments (plus Spanish partners), switched on ~3 hours before forecast hail; verified by a hailpad network. Continuous since 1952.",
      "since": 1952,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [],
      "records": [
        {"label": "ANELFA program description", "url": "https://www.anelfa.asso.fr/French_hail_prevention.html"},
        {"label": "AMS evaluation of ANELFA", "url": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/37/12/1520-0450_1998_037_1588_apeoah_2.0.co_2.xml"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "argentina-mendoza",
      "name": "Mendoza Lucha Antigranizo",
      "country": "AR",
      "admin": "Mendoza",
      "type": "hail-suppression",
      "operator": "Direccion de Agricultura y Contingencias Climaticas (Mendoza)",
      "sponsor": "Province of Mendoza",
      "status": "active",
      "season": {"start_month": 10, "end_month": 3},
      "centroid": [-68.6, -33.6],
      "area_note": "Hail suppression over Mendoza's vineyard oases (~70% of Argentina's vineyard area): rockets 1978-93, aircraft AgI flares since 1998; program periodically defunded and restored.",
      "since": 1959,
      "ended": null,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "60-year reviews find no statistically significant proof of a suppression effect", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "CONICET review", "url": "https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/111548"},
        {"label": "Mendoza contingencias program page", "url": "http://contingencias.mendoza.gov.ar/programa_castellano.php"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "israel-kinneret",
      "name": "Israel Lake Kinneret Seeding (discontinued)",
      "country": "IL",
      "admin": null,
      "type": "winter-orographic",
      "operator": "Mekorot",
      "sponsor": "Israel Water Authority",
      "status": "ended",
      "season": {"start_month": 11, "end_month": 4},
      "centroid": [35.6, 33.0],
      "area_note": "Winter AgI seeding over the Lake Kinneret catchment and Golan Heights; discontinued in 2021 after the Israel-4 randomized experiment returned a null result.",
      "since": 1975,
      "ended": 2021,
      "claims": [
        {"text": "Israel-4 randomized experiment (2013-2020): +1.8%, p=0.4, CI (-11%, +16%) — stopped a year early", "evidence": "measured"}
      ],
      "records": [
        {"label": "Israel-4 results (JAMC)", "url": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/62/3/JAMC-D-22-0077.1.xml"},
        {"label": "The rise and fall of cloud seeding in Israel", "url": "https://cloud-maven.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-cloud-seeding-in-israel/"}
      ]
    }
  ]
}